CA Foundation · September 2026 · Paper 2
CA Foundation Business Laws September 2026: paper analysis
Our own analysis of the official paper, as of 12 October 2026. The questions and answers belong to ICAI; read them on ICAI's website.
Chapter-wise marks
Where the marks were in this paper (out of 100; internal-choice alternatives not double counted).
| Chapter | Questions | Marks | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Indian Contract Act, 1872 | 10 | 64 | 27% |
| The Companies Act, 2013 | 6 | 42 | 18% |
| The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 | 6 | 42 | 18% |
| The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 | 6 | 40 | 17% |
| The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 | 4 | 28 | 12% |
| The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 | 2 | 12 | 5% |
| Indian Regulatory Framework | 2 | 12 | 5% |
What each question tested
In our words, by question number. Open the official paper for the full question.
| Q | Marks | Tests | Chapter |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1(a) | 7 | General offer of reward: need to communicate acceptance, timing of revocation and consideration flowing from a third party | The Indian Contract Act, 1872 |
| 1(b) | 7 | Doctrine of indoor management: lender protection where an internal board approval was not obtained, and its exceptions | The Companies Act, 2013 |
| 1(c) | 6 | Sharing of profits as a test of partnership, and what constitutes partnership property | The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 |
| 2(a) | 7 | Transfer of property in goods delivered on approval or sale or return when the buyer adopts the transaction | The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 |
| 2(b) | 7 | Circumstances in which the separate legal entity principle is disregarded (lifting the corporate veil) | The Companies Act, 2013 |
| 2(c) | 6 | Conditions for a small LLP and particulars required in the incorporation document | The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 |
| 3(a) | 7 | Rights of a deceased retired partner's heir to subsequent profits or interest, and revocation of continuing guarantee on change in firm | The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 |
| 3(b) | 7 | Entrenchment provisions in articles of association: whether permissible and the resolution required | The Companies Act, 2013 |
| 3(c) | 6 | Rules for appropriation of payments when a debtor owes several debts | The Indian Contract Act, 1872 |
| 4(a) | 7 | Anticipatory breach of contract, right to sue before the due date and measure of damages | The Indian Contract Act, 1872 |
| 4(b) | 7 | Inchoate stamped instruments and liability to holders, and distinction between cheques and bills of exchange | The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 |
| 4(c) | 6 | Responsibilities and departments of a central government ministry within the regulatory framework | Indian Regulatory Framework |
| 5(a) | 7 | Unpaid seller's lien and right of resale: need for notice and treatment of loss or profit on resale | The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 |
| 5(b) | 7 | Implied authority of a partner, its limits, and authority in an emergency | The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 |
| 5(c) | 6 | Meaning of wagering agreements and transactions that resemble them but are not void | The Indian Contract Act, 1872 |
| 6(a) | 7 | Inland versus foreign bill, excuse for delay in presentment for acceptance, and compensation recoverable on dishonour | The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 |
| 6(b) | 6 | Exceptions to the rule that a stranger to a contract cannot sue | The Indian Contract Act, 1872 |
| 6(b) OR | 6 | Legal rules governing valid consideration | The Indian Contract Act, 1872 |
| 6(c) | 7 | Meaning of unpaid seller and remedies available against the buyer | The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 |
What stood out
- Structure: Question 1 compulsory plus any four of the remaining five, with each question carrying 20 marks split roughly 7-7-6 across three parts.
- The Indian Contract Act, 1872 dominated with about 32 marks across offer and acceptance, appropriation of payments, anticipatory breach, wagering and privity.
- The Companies Act, Sale of Goods Act and Partnership Act each drew about 20 marks, making them near-equal second-tier priorities.
- Most parts were long application-based scenarios rather than pure theory, rewarding students who can apply sections to facts and work out claims or damages.
- Indian Regulatory Framework appeared as a 6-mark theory part on a central ministry, and LLP was tested through small LLP and incorporation document provisions.
Practise the chapters that carried the marks
The Indian Contract Act, 1872, The Companies Act, 2013, The Sale of Goods Act, 1930: study guides and practice questions in the CA Foundation format.